Typically, a prosecutor or probation officer submits a petition accusing a minor of breaking a criminal law and requesting that the court find the minor to be delinquent. This is how a juvenile case begins. If proven, the court issues a delinquency adjudication, which is like a conviction for an adult, and it has the authority to impose a disposition (punishment) meant to help the juvenile get back on track. Certain states have lower age requirements for eligibility in juvenile court in addition to this upper age limit. The policy decision that children under a specific age cannot distinguish between right and wrong or form a "guilty mind" is reflected in this lower age limit. Juvenile court is a special division of the criminal justice system. It focuses on criminal cases with minor defendants in particular. In most states, this applies to anyone under the age of 18. Juvenile courts typically take into account a variety of circumstances while trying a minor offender. The court may, for example, take into account the defendant's age, past juvenile offenses, and social or psychological factors.
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